Risk factors and assessment strategies for the evaluation of human or environmental risk from metal(loid)s – A focus on Ireland

Elevated human exposure to metals and metalloids (metal(loid)s) may lead acute sickness pose a severe threat health. The body is exposed metal(loid)s principally through food, water, supplements, (occasionally) air. There are inherent background levels of many in regional soils as consequence geological sources. Baseline coupled with anthropogenic sources such application biosolids increased certain soil, leading potential transfer water uptake by plants. latter could potentially into the feed-to-food chain, viz. grazing animals, bio-transfer food products resulting exposure. This study addresses health concerns due excessive intake conducting traditional review peer-reviewed journals between 2015 2019, secondary references relevant websites. identified most researched Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, As, Hg, Mn, Fe environment. plants (phytoavailability) function mobility/retainability influenced soil geochemistry. critical parameters (including pH, organic matter, clay content, cation exchange capacity, capability decomposition matter microbes, redox potential, ionic strength) influencing reviewed used foundation build framework model for ranking concern. A robust quantitative risk assessment recommended evaluating from individual based on health-based indices (Daily Dietary Index (DDI), No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL), Lowest (LOAEL)). research proposes harmful environment highlights where regulation intervention be required.